Creating Artificial Intelligence And Robots Essay

From plays, to books, and even in movies people have had the imagination and dream to one day have robots existing among the humans. So far people have been living with technology and machines that help with everyday life. The thought of androids or artificial intelligence is always in question of whether or not it’s an ideal choice to make. The idea cannot be backed down since there has been some developments of self-driven cars and there have been androids created such as Erica (Bloomberg, 2016). As the world develops, so does the moral problem to creating artificial intelligence and robots. As to having such intelligent robots, the idea is mostly targeted towards Japan with the idea of going farther than life itself (Bloomberg, 2016). Creating these robots can be pricey for these companies and patents and trademarks for the designs and creations of these robots are important to have. There are some ethical duties within these companies, but not all of them apply to the mora l situation. Although the idea of robots seem to be a fresh idea, it’s relativity an old thought from the past. The idea of robotic creations can date back into Greek mythology (Lafferty, 2010). A sample of such an idea is what the Greek god Hephaestus, the god of fire and forgery, had created. Hephaestus created â€Å"robots out of gold which were ‘his helpers, including a complete set of life-size golden handmaidens who helped around the house’† (Lafferty, 2010, p.2). The actual word â€Å"robot† didn’tShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Development of Artificial Intelligence Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pages Artificial intelligence has come a long way since the first robot. In 1950, Alan Turing of Britain publishes, Computer Machinery and Intelligence. This book was proposed to be the birth of artificial intelligence as we know it. The first robot that presents the usage of artificial intelligence was built in 1969. The purpose of this robot was to try out navigation using basic tools such as cameras and bump sensors (Marshall 371). Since then, we have made a million robots way better than thisRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Is The Most Important And Interesting One?1432 Words   |  6 Pagesupon is Artificial Intelligence. For this essay, the topic of ethics that I chose to write about is the Case Study on Artificial Intelligence; I chose this topic because I felt like it was the most important and interesting one. There are many different views and ideas concerning the subject of Artificial Intelligence and this paper will outline a few of the benefits and drawbacks associated with Artificial Intelligence and whether or not it is moral or ethical. First, what is Artificial IntelligenceRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Is The Most Controversial Field877 Words   |  4 Pagesscientists know about artificial intelligence has increased to levels never reached before. In 1968, the first computer controlled walking machine was created and today, robots are replacing humans in the work industry (History 5). By the year 2029, it is predicted that robots will be able to outsmart their makers (Khomami 1). More knowledge about artificial intelligence is being acquired by scientists. There are several advantages that come with artificial intelligence in robots, but coupled with thatRead MoreHow Close Are We Really Artificial Intelligence?1249 Words   |  5 PagesHow Close Are We Really to Artificial Intelligence? In The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, written by Douglas Adams, a man named Arthur Dent wakes up and finds himself at the beginning of beyond a bad day. When he learns that a friend of his is actually an alien with advanced knowledge of Earth s impending destruction, he is transported off the Earth seconds before it is exploded to make way for a new hyperspace motorway. And as if that s not enough, throw in being wanted by the police, EarthRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Essay656 Words   |  3 PagesArtificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence once something that people thought could only come out of science fiction novels and movies. But today that could all change because of a robot called Cog. Cog is an artificial intelligence that it’s creators have given a body. He is the future of AI and a new beginning for the field. His creator , Rogney Brooks, a professor of electrical engineering and computer science, thought of creating cog, from inspiration from an artificial intelligenceRead MoreTuition Free Online University Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesCompanions in Artificial Intelligence submitted on Saturday, 19 November 2016, 6:37 PMmodified on Monday, 21 November 2016, 6:39 PM Companions in Artificial Intelligence Ruben Damian Corbo University of the People Artificial Intelligence has always been a very interesting subject to me from the time I watched any film from the Terminator series (1984-2015) with the evil A.I. known as Skynet. Not all AI is bad as we know from Steven Spielberg s â€Å"A.I.† (2001) and today Artificial IntelligenceRead MoreArtificial Intelligence, Theory And Development Of Computer Systems Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesArtificial intelligence, theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence, such as speaking, decision-making etc. When most people think of artificial intelligence (Al), they think of the robots from the movie Chappie, or I, Robot. Those are some examples of what AI could lead to but that is not exactly it. The idea of intelligent machines go back to Greek mythology. The origin of AI can be described as philosophers who tried to explainRead MoreEthical Issues Of Artificial Intelligence1066 Words   |  5 Pagesethical problems that come as a byproduct of creating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and why these issues exist. Artificial Intelligence is the ability of a software program to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. Throughout the document I will be attempting to cover what is currently being done to address these issues and what should be done as a solution to completely resolve these issues. Ethical Issue While Artificial Intelligence is a huge technological advancement in ourRead MoreRobots And Expert Systems Of The Future1495 Words   |  6 Pagesour world would be like in the future? Will robots and other artificial intelligence live and work with human beings? If they do live and work with us, would they improve our future, or would they cause problems in our life? Mankind has been known to create many revolutionary technologies, including artificial technologies and robots. Robots have been around since the early 60s, and ever since the inventions of robots, many people have wondered if robots are capable of living with humans. ThroughoutRead MoreArtificial Intelligence In Technology1612 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The increasing use of artificial intelligence in technology will transform our societies for the worse.† Module: FC-503 Tutor Name: Assessment type: Essay Student Number: T0061516 Word Count: The theme of the 2017 Summer Davos meeting was about the fourth revolution of science and technology and artificial intelligence was undoubtedly one of the main topics discussed by people. From driving interactive voice with nobody to Alphago defeat the invincible chess champion Ke Jie (Gibney

Eugene Sandow s Bodybuilding And The Bodybuilding Industry

Eugene Sandow started bodybuilding in the late nineteenth century. He was known of his time to have a great physique, and it drew many admirers. Known as â€Å"The Father of Bodybuilding†, he began the bodybuilding industry by promoting competitions and selling exercise equipment. Today, the bodybuilding industry is as big as ever as more people are interested in achieving their ideal physique. The image of bodybuilders is still viewed negatively by the public. When people hear of bodybuilding, they most often think of big, steroid abusing â€Å"tools† that are obsessed with gaining muscle. They fail to observe the deeper reasoning behind bodybuilding. Fictional accounts of bodybuilders, endured by writers who did not experience the lifestyle, is a moral transgression. It is a moral transgression to write fictional accounts on bodybuilding because it is a form of art. It is an art in which the artists (bodybuilders) present their physique as the artwork. Bodybuilders s pend hours at the gym to sculpt, and manipulate the size of their musculature by performing strenuous exercises and consistently eating nutritious foods. Bodybuilding shows are not all about muscle, but the overall beauty of the artwork. The World Natural Bodybuilding Federation (WNBF), a well known bodybuilding federation, states, â€Å"Athletes are judged in two rounds: Symmetry encompasses overall balance and conditioning. Muscularity and conditioning judges mass, definition, and proportion†. It is wrong to just thinkShow MoreRelatedDeviance Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pageshealthy lifestyle is exercise. Working out helps control body fat and can prevent certain health conditions and diseases. As people are captivated by the goal of having a healthy and muscular body, this obsession can lead to the deviant behavior of bodybuilding. A deviant behavior is an act that departs from the usual or accepted social standards. Questions that many ask are, â€Å"Why do bodybuilders want to have a body that is so abnormal? As well as, why do they exercise so often?† Bodybuilders workout

Is Global Skepticism Justified Essay - 1625 Words

Is Global Skepticism Justified? Introduction Skepticism is something that we all have to one degree or another. Some of us who carry some Limited (Local) Skepticism might question whether we can really know if the news anchor is giving us correct information or if the five day forecast is really on track this time regarding the rain it is predicting. Others subscribe to the Global Skepticism view; that is, they would argue that we cannot know anything at all, and, therefore, we can’t have knowledge of anything (Feldman 109). As a global skeptic, we would not only challenge the same things that limited skeptics confront, but we would challenge the very essence of our being. If this form of skepticism is valid, we would have to reexamine†¦show more content†¦Could this be convincing enough to lead us to believe that we really could have knowledge of anything at all? Problem Being Solved This paper will address the problem of skepticism. My focus will be exclusively on Global Skepticism as it is more controversial than Local Skepticism. The stance I am seeking to persuade you to take is one regarding the question of whether or not Global Skepticism is justified. In this paper I will discuss and analyze what other philosophers have said about the topic, my argument, how my opponents might object to my arguments, and how I respond to those objections. My hope is the conclusion to my argument will convince you that Global Skepticism is not justified and we can, in fact, come to ‘know’ things about our reality and obtain knowledge. What others have said about the topic I mentioned Rene Descartes earlier in my writing and want to unpack his thinking a little more. In â€Å"Meditation on the First Philosophy,† Descartes starts to question whether he can really tell the difference between being asleep and being awake. He says the following: â€Å"Let us then suppose* that we are dreaming, and that these particular things (that we have our eyes open, are moving our head, stretching out our hands) are not true; and that perhaps we do not even have hands or the rest of a body like what we see. It must nonetheless be admitted that the things we see in sleep are, so to speak, paintedShow MoreRelatedGlobal Epistemological Skepticism Essay1132 Words   |  5 Pages Epistemological skepticism is the idea that individuals lack knowledge or justification for a specific group of propositions (Barnett, 2014). Skepticism with respect to all propositions is known as global skepticism, and it reveals that knowledge is nonexistent (2014). The regress problem is a difficulty in epistemology, where an idea has to be justified, because the justification itself has to have further reasoning (2014). The infinite regress argument concludes that individuals lack justificationRead MoreCondi Reflection954 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning, I saw potential. In their unrest, I saw dreaming, dreams of being more than they were. I laid out my vision for them. There were grumbles, skepticism, and negativity. They did not see my vision: they were unconvinced. I did not push hard, but I got involved in their work and began pressing their limits. I was able to use Global Diversity. My team came from different upbringings, but I looked for their diverse similarities and found ways to bring them together leveraging my backgroundRead MoreThe Skeptic Theory of Morality in International Relations Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesinterest of the state. During that I will give a brief explanation of Skepticism as a theory of morality in international relations. Following that I will explore ethics in the Morality of States and Cosmopolitan schools of thought in comparison to Skepticism. Skepticism: Skepticism, often known as realism, is one of the oldest perspectives to observe ethics in international relations. The basic premise of international skepticism is that states are selfish actors and when necessary, a state shouldRead MoreOn Epistemology and Skepticism Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pagesproposition. As Gettier established the Justified True Belief as a conceptual formula for knowledge, certainty can be understood with the proper perspective and background. The certainty principle explains that knowledge requires evidence to be â€Å"sufficient† to rule out the possibility of error. This means that what we determine to be acknowledged as â€Å"knowledge† must present justification in order to be accepted believed as knowledge. This is important because Skepticism doubts the validation of knowledgeRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Cogito Ergo Sum : I Think Therefore, I Am1613 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes’ paradigm-shifting assertion that the foun dational belief and the only purely true instance of knowledge we possess is that we are a thinking thing and our mind’s ability to think is true. This is the quintessential belief of Cartesian skepticism, or whether we can know anything with certainty, and is achieved through a perspective of understanding external world knowledge rooted in doubting wholeheartedly what our senses say is true. Renà © Descartes’ Discourse on Method and Meditations onRead MoreJan Narveson s Moral Matters1618 Words   |  7 Pagesbook is his view of global poverty. Narveson extends foundationalist, anarcho-capitalist approach to this issue; arguing that while charity is morally virtuous, there is no moral obligation on the part of the global rich or developed nation to alleviate the global poor from their precarious position. He also argues that by continuing free trade, enough economic growth will occur to relieve the global poor regardless. *This essay will elaborate on Narveson s pos ition on global povery and criticizeRead MoreDescartes s Meditations On First Philosophy Essay2099 Words   |  9 Pagesknowledge, Descartes then states that the logical next step would be to doubt every single thing that we believe, as without certainty, nothing can constitute knowledge. Certainty plays a pivotal and yet simple role in Descartes argument for global skepticism, yet its role is one that evolves throughout his meditations. Descartes starts off saying that only one thing is truly certain - the fact that nothing is certain – and from there goes on to explore what we can and cannot be certain of. DescartesRead MoreUnderstanding The World Through The Study Of Knowledge1862 Words   |  8 Pagesis given by the hypothetico-deductive method; regarded as the â€Å"true† scientific research method. (Gibson, 1987, 63) Quine examines naturalized epistemology as a progressive approach to the traditional matter of interest. The issue of traditional skepticism becomes apparent within the context of a particular way of forming ideas pertaining to the human condition. It is a by-product of a foundationalist, infallible notion of knowledge passed-on by the Greeks. When we relinquish that notion, we are alteringRead MoreWhat Makes A Leader?1482 Words   |  6 Pagesthe IT assets of the organization, as well as create policy, process, and procedure to support ongoing process improvement. The project, which is implementing industry best practices of IT Asset Management, has come with adversity and skepticism. The skepticism has been challenging and has caused many of the ownership power struggle battles along with a petition to continue with the current mode of operation. Nonetheless, the ultimate challenge is undertaking the company’s operation managers’Read MoreThe Cloning Should Not Be Banned By The Human Body886 Words   |  4 Pagescomplex health issues. Since the cloning of Dolly, Farms now clone animals as a method for increased food production. These cloned animals who suffer horrible health issues are the meat and food we purchase at grocery stores. This article encourages the global public to take a stand and refuse to buy cloned animal products in order to improve the welfare of all animals. Also, another fact that is not often proclaimed, is that pet owners will clone their pets after the pet dies. This helps families cope

Descriptive Essay On Fear - 1809 Words

An unpleasant emotion or feeling caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat : Fear. Fear is a strong word, it can mean a variety of things and lead to a variety of things depending on who you are. My fear caused me to shake and tremble as if the world was coming to an end. It makes me feel safe around no one. I look back on my life and ask myself, was it all worth it for this? It makes me shrink and fall the size of of a humming bird. My stomach starts to feel like it never has before. My head is spinning in circles and my hands are trembling to the point where I think they might fall off. Fear, my fear was heights and I was terrified of them. Of course, I hadn t always been afraid†¦show more content†¦I started getting into other fun things to do that didn t involve going high up and it worked life was still good without being high up. And I knew was going to be okay because it not like I had to go anywhere high up, but that where I was wrong†¦ The summer of 2016 was the year my parents wanted to do a family trip somewhere and I was so excited because today was the day they were gonna tell us where we were going. I was hoping somewhere warm like the beach or some sporting event like a Cavs game or something of that relation. My parents voice then interrupted my thoughts and I heard the words Cedar Point and I thought my heart stopped. For those of you who don t know Cedar Point is one of the biggest roller coaster parks in the world or an other words for someone who is afraid of heights Cedar Point equals death. When parents told me my heart skipped a beat, at first I didn t say anything and my parents were confused I guess they expected me to be excited. But the thing was I never really told my parents about this new recent fear I had because I knew that if I did I they would for sure make fun of me. So I tried to play it off and act like I was a little excited. After explaining the details of the trip to me and my sisters , my parents told me I could bring a few friends so I guess that made the trip a little bit better. So I called up some of my friends and they said they would be ready to go the nextShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About Fear824 Words   |  4 Pagesthat fills a body at this time, arise because of fear. No one can’t help to calm those until the results of those sensations are known. So, can fear come from good things? When I was younger, I was never afraid of anything. I would climb trees and jump out of them with no fear. I climbed a two-story house and then climbed down, from the roof of the garage, and then back up to my bedroom. I would jump out of the windows on this house also. I had no fear that I could get hurt. I would swing as high asRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Fear1511 Words   |  7 PagesI have this fear. It causes my legs to shake. I break out in a cold sweat. I start jabbering to anyone who is nearby. As thoughts of certain death run through my mind, the world appears a precious, treasured place. I imagine my own funeral, then shrink back at the implications of where my thoughts are taking me. My stomach feels strange. My palms are clammy. I am terrified of heights. Of course, it’s not really a fear of being in a high place. Rather, it is the view of a long way to fall, of rocksRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Fear1653 Words   |  7 PagesFear consumes me every moment of every day and with everything I do in my life. I am scared of failing, speaking, socializing, cooking, swimming, riding a bike, driving, death, and being alone. My mom says I have an active imagination but everyone else seems to think that I have a mental problem. This year is my last year of high school and then I am on my own in a big, bad world full of terrible things. Something inside of me takes over. I’ve been to many psychiatric doctors but they do absolutelyRead MoreNarrative Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe Narrative Essay *What is a Narrative Essay? †¢ Narrative writing tells a story. In essays, the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the authors values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. †¢ The author may write about: -An experience or event from his or her past. -A recent or ongoing experience or event. Read MoreSummary Of Once More To The Lake840 Words   |  4 PagesIn his essay â€Å"Once More to the Lake,† author E.B. White reflects on experiences he has had throughout his life at a family vacation spot. Although he writes the essay as an adult, he focuses on many childhood experiences with his father at the lake, comparing them to experiences he is having at same lake with his son. White begins by recalling his first time at the lake. He examines the similarities and differences between the two generations of lake experiences through rhetorical techniques inRead MoreRhinoceros Beetle788 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 2 Essay One Charles. Oryema Question: Worlds within texts often prompt us to question the worlds outside texts. Write an essay in response to this statement with reference to at least one short story you have studied. â€Å"Rhinoceros Beetle† by Susan Hawthorne is a story about a boy’s childhood obsession which becomes a reality when he grows into a man. The story presents ideas and assumptions which viewers can relate toRead MoreThe Task Of Composing A Descriptive Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesRecently, my Composition I teacher assigned the class the task of composing a descriptive essay. This led me to the question, â€Å"what is a descriptive essay?† What topic could I possible write about for three whole pages? What have I done, seen, or experience that could fill these three long pages? My life thus far has been quite sheltered, so this has created quite the dilemma for me. Being that I am supposed to be descriptive, I feel the need to describe the stress that this has created for me. My physicalRead MoreTragedy : A Great Topic1061 Words   |  5 Pagesfor as in bodies, thus in souls, we find what wants in blood and spirit, swelled with wind: Pride, where Wit fails, st eps in to our defence, and fills up all the mighty Void of sense.† (Page 702 Lines 1-10). This is a quote from Alexander Pope’s An Essay on Criticism. Alexander Pope wrote poetry. His favorite topic was informative. In this poem the first fourteen lines are about pride, stanza two is about the lack of learning. He also talks about wit, judging a book by the cover, how hard it is toRead MoreTension in Chapter 6 of to Kill a Mockingbird734 Words   |  3 PagesMockingbird’, Harper Lee cleverly uses a variety of literary techniques and devices to create tension prior to the shooting. This essay discusses the language devices used and its effectiveness on the reader of the text. The techniques that Harper Lee predominately used in chapter six include short sentences and also dramatic and effective words. The author was also very descriptive whilst describing the setting, which is essential in building tension. Harper Lee was also telling the reader what the charact erRead MoreThe Invasion, By James S. Hirsch1347 Words   |  6 Pages The explosion of racial violence that engulfed Tulsa, Oklahoma is arguably one of the worst cases in U.S. history. This essay will focus on the violence, economic destruction, social humiliation, and racial discrimination in Tulsa’s black community using the in-text essay, â€Å"The Invasion†, by James S. Hirsch. This history consists of the police actions to elevate the violence, and how white leaders attempted to maintain the status quo in Tulsa. Racial inequality during this period of time was immense

Drugs and Homeostasis Free Essays

1. ) Clinical Depression – is the most frequently encountered mental illness. Clinical depression is now considered a physical condition in which there is a fault in the brain chemistry. We will write a custom essay sample on Drugs and Homeostasis or any similar topic only for you Order Now It may afflict up to 5% or more of the population. Symptoms of depression include a distinct change in mood accompanied with an extreme feeling of hopelessness. Other symptoms include: loss of appetite; weight loss; headaches; sleeplessness; loss of energy; and tiredness. Symptoms of anxiety are also quite common. Suicide is common in about 15% of depressed patients. Bipolar Disorder – is also known as manic depression. It affects about 5 in 1000 people. It is characterized by severe mood swings ranging from mania to depression, with normal periods in between. During a manic phase, the individual may think that they are invincible, behave recklessly or believe in delusions such as ones of fame. During the depressive phase, the individual loses interest in their usual activities, may sleep excessively or suffer from insomnia. They may also be at risk of suicide during the depressive stage. Schizophrenia – includes disturbance of thought patterns, disturbance of affective reactions and autism or withdrawal. Secondary symptoms include hallucinations, delusions and paranoia. These symptoms all represent a loss of contact with reality. 2. ) Alcohol – is probably the most commonly abused drug in society. Of all abused drugs, it is presently the only one considered legal upon reaching of age. It has been a large part of our culture for many years and is often associated with social functions and celebrations. However, alcohol use definitely has its dark side. It is known to alter personalities and cause people to behave in manner outside their normal personalities. A night of abusing alcohol can lead embarrassment and regret once the effects have worn off. Poor judgment while drinking alcohol can lead to making deadly decisions such as drunk driving. Also, people have abused alcohol to the extent they vomit in their sleep and choke to death. Marijuana – is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) works by binding to CB1 receptors found on presynaptic membranes in the brain. These receptors function in blunting pain. THC also causes the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine which elevates mood and controls muscle movements. It has the ability of enabling the user to block out pain, frustration or confusion. In high concentrations can cause hallucinations, anxiety, depression, and psychotic symptoms. Smoking marijuana can cause lung cancer, sinusitis, and bronchitis. It increases the level of carbon monoxide in the blood which, in turn, reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the heart. Long term use can result in: impaired speech; memory loss; difficulty in understanding complex ideas; insomnia; impaired visual perception; and infertility. Cocaine – Cocaine is derived from the plant Erthoxylon coca and can be inhaled, smoked or injected. It results in a feeling of euphoria followed by depression. Cocaine acts by first stimulating the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and in higher doses the release of serotonin. Cocaine then interferes with the re-uptake of these neurotransmitters and these neurotransmitters build up in the synapse. Prolonged use will cause the body to produce less dopamine and the user will need more cocaine. Side effects include mental impairment, convulsions, hallucinations, stroke, heart attack and death. Heroin – is a highly addictive derivative of morphine. It is normally injected but can also be snorted or smoked. It operates by binding to ophioid receptors in the brain in which natural chemical endorphins are involved in the relief of pain. Prolonged use can cause less endorphin production. Side effects include: depressed respiration; impaired coordination; and decreased tolerance to pain; long term effects can include: collapsed veins; infections of heart valves and liver disease. Death can result from overdose. Rohypnol – is a drug associated with rave parties and comes from the benzodiazepine family. It is considered to be the â€Å"date rape† drug and has become famous for its use in committing sexual assault. It is often given to an unsuspecting victim by dissolving it in beverage while they are unaware. It is similar to Valium TM but has ten times its strength. In combination with alcohol, it can be deadly. Rohypnol is highly addictive and has severe withdrawal symptoms. Its use can cause deep sedation, respiratory distress, blackouts for up 24 hours, and amnesia. Ecstasy – is known as Methylene Dioxy Meth Amphetamine (MDMA) and has street names such as X, Rolls, E, Adam, Beans and Buddies. The initial use of ecstasy results in: increased heart rate; increased blood pressure; dilation of pupils and bronchi; brain stimulation; increased motor activity; tightening of jaw muscles; grinding of jaws; overheating; sweating; heat stroke; and dehydration. The long-term use of ecstasy can result in irreparable brain damage. 3. ) Higher doses of designer drugs can result in paranoia, depression and violent irrational behaviour. In general, designer drugs can create a wide range of physical problems such as: hypertension; uncontrolled tremors; total paralysis; seizures; permanent drain damage; and death. . ) Opioids – are typically used to treat pain. They can produce a feeling of euphoria by affecting regions of the brain that enable us to perceive pleasure. However, they can result in physical dependence and addiction. Tolerance of opioids can result in the need to take higher doses to achieve the same effect. Withdrawal will cause: restlessness; muscle and bone pain; ins omnia; diarrhea; vomiting; cold flashes; goose bumps; and involuntary leg movements. A large dose can lead to respiratory depression resulting in death. CNS Depressants – often used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders by slowing normal brain function. Common CNS depressants include barbiturates and Valium TM. Most CNS depressants act on the brain by affecting the neurotransmitter gammaaminobutryic acid (GABA). The function of GABA in the human body is to decrease brain activity. Therefore, increased doses will create the drowsy effect required to treat anxiety and sleep disorders. Individuals can build a tolerance to CNS depressants over time and require larger doses. Withdrawals can cause the opposite effects of the drug. The mind can race out of control, possibly resulting in seizures and other problems. Stimulants – used to treat narcolepsy, obesity, depression, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These drugs enhance brain activity and result in increased alertness, energy, elevated blood pressure, increased heart rate and respiration. Examples of stimulants include Ritalin TM and Dexandrine TM. The chemical structure of stimulants is similar to the chemical structure of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. Stimulants work by increasing the amount of these neurotransmitters to the brain. An increase in dopamine results in an increase in blood pressure, increase in heart rate, constriction of blood vessels, increase in blood glucose and it opens the pathways of the respiratory system. Stimulants do not result in physical dependence or withdrawal. However, they can be used compulsively and high doses repeatedly can lead to feelings of hostility and paranoia. High doses can cause body temperatures to rise to a dangerously high level. They can also create an irregular heartbeat leading to the risk of cardiovascular failure. There is also the potential of lethal seizures. Extensions: 1. ) The pros of marijuana are that they are less harmful to use then alcohol, It also reliefs us from pain and reduces spasticity due to multiple sclerosis. It has been shown to help sufferers of severe arthritis. It can be used as an anti – epileptic and anti – depressant. It is also believed to be less addictive then many prescribed painkillers. The cons of marijuana in the treatment of chronic pain are that It increases the level of carbon monoxide in the blood which, in turn, reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the heart. Repeated use tends to lead to the inability to deal with everyday challenges. Long term use can result in: impaired speech; memory loss; difficulty in understanding complex ideas; insomnia; impaired visual perception; and infertility. Marijuana use has also been linked to reducing immunity towards disease. 2. ) The cause of manic depression is still uncertain. There appears to be a genetic link and episodes can also be triggered by stress. Chemical changes are also being studied. Manic behaviour is believed due to a high level of noradrenergic activity. This activity continues until the neurotransmitters system is depleted. It is believed that lithium may prevent mania by preventing noradrenalin depletion. 3. ) Marijuana should be legalized. For one, it is less harmful than alcohol. If they legalized it, it would allow for better regulation and taxation of the drug. It would also save money in law enforcement. Many grave that prohibition of the drugs like marijuana supports organized crime, others raise concerns about addictions and health problems. There are also concerns that it may be the â€Å"gateway† to the abuse of more dangerous drugs. How to cite Drugs and Homeostasis, Papers

With Malice toward None the Legacy of Reconstruction free essay sample

Starting with the Radical Reconstruction, the South was attacked by laws that were intended to make them become states free of black oppression. Radical Republicans wrote the Civil War amendments that made every man free and equal, made them citizens and gave blacks the right to vote. The father of Reconstruction, the first men to have a plan to reconstruct our nation was President Lincoln. He believed in forgiveness and reunification; he wanted the U. S. To heal quickly to better the prosperity of the country. His Ten-Percent Plan reflected his opinion on reunifying the action.This plan required of a Southern state to swear oath the union to gain the status as state and be accept back in the U. S. The only people that were not given amnesty were the Confederate Generals. After President Lincoln assassination, his Vice-President took over and kept a very similar plan for reconstruction. President Johnson was a democrat that was not liked by congress because of his inability to make important decision on laws and amendments. We will write a custom essay sample on With Malice toward None: the Legacy of Reconstruction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He believed states right and thought it was the white men of the Souths job to reestablish government. Congress had to overwrite veto after veto that Johnnys weak policies did not accept. His refusal to punish the South and force them to enter blacks in their societies brought the congress to an attempt of impeach meet that failed. In the Legislative branch, the Reconstruction started with battles with President Johnson. The Radical Republican Congress stressed the fact that the faster unity is made, the better it will be for the prosperity of our nation. They pushed the enforcement of civil right and wanted to end black oppression.What did the South think of all this pressure from the North for black suffrage? We need to remember that the Civil War was a war for unity that destroyed the souths economy that was based on agriculture. The souths economy was also based on slavery, which was needed for labor on the field. Many plantation owners lacked Of manpower and their goal was to overcome legislature that was passed to free blacks and make them equal. Measures taken by Congress to limit the South were replied with ruling from the Southern Democrats.The laws kept limiting the blacks lives to a point were they were under some new kind of slavery. The first legislation piece restricting the South was 13th Amendment. It officially abolished slavery, but did not prevent Southern states from placing major restrictions on blacks such as black codes. The Black Codes required black to have jobs and when they did not have job, it forced them into sharecropping, which is using a plantation owners land to grow crops part of which would be used to pay rent for the land.Usually blacks would still be in debt after a year of working for the white landowner and have to work for another year. Then, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. This act stated: all persons born in the united States were now citizens, without regard to race, lour, or previous condition. As citizens they could make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property. iii When the Congress was worried that the South would amend the Civil Rights Act, they created the 14th amendment to add on to the act.It officially defined requirements for citizenship and said that no state had the right to interfere with any citizens basic civil rights. Iv The only problem with this amendment was that it did not require states to accept black suffrage. The 1 5th Amendment was passed in 1870 and was considered the final step of the Radical Reconstruction. It did not allow governments to restrict voting right because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. v This is the point where Radical Republicans finally achieved their goal of black suffrage.Unfortunately their success did not stay around for long. Radical Republican had a lot of issues with their Civil War Amendments. They had to create too many pieces of legislature to reach to goal. Think the content Of the amendment could have been a lot more concise and precise; imitating predictable issues and legislature that couldve been created by the South. However, the timing was good, they had to make a piece of legislature to regulate the south from becoming what they were before the Civil War. If they would of taken more time to think their amendments through to make a good one that covered all aspects, the South wouldnt of had so much time to created overwriting pieces of legislature that kept black oppression for too long. Reconstruction was supposed to bring unity and equality and only one of these goals have had been reached when it ended. The Reconstruction Era as more of trial and error period where the North afflicted many pieces of legislation that were overwritten by the South. Its legacy was very negative and led to many debates and revolt for black rights.Many examples can prove its failure. The positive point is that finally after a decade Of hard work, the South and North could be called the united States again. When the North redrew its army in the south, it gave place to former Confederates and Slave owners to regain power and this meant the return to the old South policy. They allowed sharecropping and passed black codes. As result, Northerners were tired of dealing with the South. They saw their work for black equality as meaningless and they stopped to worry about black civil rights.The South and the North came to a conclusion where they would set aside race inequalities to unify the union. This lead to a new feeling in the CA. S. : before the Civil War, they were a country, but after they became a nation. For the racial discrimination, sharecroppers, white supremacist groups, it was only in the 1 asss that blacks regained support of the Federal Government. During this period of time, many protestors tried to spread equality and respect for black. A very well known man called Martin Luther King Jar. As one of the most important lobbers for black rights. He was admired for his courage to speak up under oppression and his dream of a world without racial discrimination. His most famous speech was l have a Dream where he describes his dream of a nation where every race was equal, a world where there was not the feeling of being looked upon by others. A white person who believed he did not have to right to speak up assassinated him. This is a good example of the mood during those years. The Ignited States had a problem that Reconstruction lacked to solve.The Civil Rights movement of the second half of the sass Was a worldwide political movement for equality before the Allah. I. It had a great influence on the United States and in 1 965 there was the Voting Right Act that finally recognized blacks as citizens. It was a great step for humanity. Finally, the goals of reconstruction for reunifying the country and spread equality. The Radical Republicans took a long time and passed a lot of pieces of legislature to give blacks to right to vote. This Reconstruction brought unity in the United States that could then be called a nation.